Thus, it will be dispensed with in subsequent modules. Thus once the learner becomes well acquainted with the letters and the sounds they represent, transliteration into Latin script will no longer be required to supplement the Gurmukhi spellings to indicate pronunciation. Gurmukhi is a near phonetic script, where each sound is represented by a unique combination of consonants and vowels. The script does not make any distinction between upper and lower case letters as in the Latin script. The usage of punctuation marks is almost identical to that in English, except for a vertical bar representing the end of a sentence. Gurmukhi has its own set of numerals, 0 through 9, which have been supplanted by the Hindu-Arabic numerals. Gurmukhi also has the capability to write half consonants (lacking an inherent schwa ending) as in Devanagari however these are infrequent, except for two consonants, which will be discussed along with the other conjuncts. Gurmukhi also has three sub-joined conjuncts, which will be discussed later in the module. In the absence of a consonant, the vowel signs are indicated on the first three letters of the alphabet.
Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. Gurmukhi is an abugida in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. The arrangement of consonants in rows 2-6 is based on the Devanagari alphabet - each row contains consonants with a common place of articulation (but varying in aspiration, voicing, tone and nasalization) the rows, themselves, are ordered by the place of articulation moving in an outward fashion, beginning with the velar consonants, followed by palatals, retroflexes, dentals and ending at the labials.Ī Gurmukhi vowel is called a 'mātrā'. Row 8 contains the consonants added later to accommodate Persian sounds.Row 7 contains miscellaneous consonants (approximants, lateral and trill).Rows 2-6 contains phonetically arranged consonants.Row 1 contains the vowels and fricatives.The present alphabet consists of forty one letters. Later on, new letters were added to accommodate Persian sounds. The alphabet is also called 'Pæntī' meaning 'thirty five'. Gurmukhī, which means 'from the mouth of the Guru', was standardized in the 16th century by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad. This module deals with the Gurmukhi script. While Punjabi is still spoken as a first language in the two provinces, different writing systems are in vogue on either side of the international border - Gurmukhi script in Eastern Punjab and Shahmukhi script in the Western part. Punjab was divided between the nations of India and Pakistan following the partition in 1947.
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